2010年11月19日星期五
China Qing dynasty full delayed 300 years — from the Qing dynasty Chinese civilization began to decline _ the world week-Yu
China Qing dynasty full delayed 300 years — beginning from the Qing dynasty Chinese civilization decline Wen-Yu /week someone commented on the decline of Chinese civilization began since the reign of the Emperor, but also as an "eternal first sinners." I think this is so do amazing words. The facts are not so simple! a people not a historical trend, precisely, is the Qing dynasty Qianlong began to decline, rather than the beginning of the decline of Chinese civilization. The decline of Chinese civilization from the Qing dynasty established began, it was the year 1644. Qing dynasty rulers from then to cut the main Chinese and world civilization interaction until 1840 was reopened its doors until the May Fourth movement since science and democracy to Renaissance, until in the anti-Japanese war in the southwest of the General Assembly begin cultivating the national science and culture and began to be innovative. This calculation, the Qing dynasty full delayed China 300 years! of Chinese civilization is not fading, when the reason for the decline of the decline, as well as the rehabilitation of power, this is a very important and very interesting topic. In fact I myself have used a book devoted to the study of this issue. But in order not to bring reading trouble, in this article, I just put it in a nutshell, and put some introductory text in comments. Here, I discuss three problems. A world civilization why are nomadic people constantly attacked? 2 nomads on China's invasion caused what consequences? three Chinese civilization is not a decline since the beginning of the Qing dynasty ? one, why the civilized world will experience the nomadic? continuing violations of a world civilization in the history of the civilizations, civilization and nomadic peoples history of interaction, which civilization slightly a hesitation, backward, or even destruction. The rise and fall of any one people are to escape this fate. Historical development of the world, play a leading role in the three regions and three nomadic civilizations. Three civilizations region is: Middle East civilization [1], the Chinese civilization [2], the European civilization [3] and three nomadic geographical Europe forest zone of Indo-European peoples [4], the Arab desert of nomadic Semitic [5], in the Northern steppes of Mongolia nomadic Turkic and tungusic hunting peoples [6]. This six plates, cosmopolitism, led by a hair and body, creating a body of world civilization and development. Until the modern Western civilization until knock nomads, 5000 years of history of civilization in the world actually also can be seen as three civilizations area and three nomadic region for history [7]. This historical time-span of up to 3500 years (from 18 century b.c. to a.d. 18 century), then just a contest between civilizations. Create a rich civilization regional population, material resources, this is always a lack of nomadic and coveted. In fact, it has become their most important civilizations in the region to invade it. Indo-European nomadic peoples and in the Northern Great Plains of nomadic hunter-gatherer peoples, the civilized world impact mainly on the Asian, and European civilization of invasion, the most important of the three times. (Semitic, Arabs invade the civilized world, this article will not cover. ) 1, for the first time: 18th-century b.c. Indo-Europeans on attack of the civilized world. [8] 2, the second is the 5th century a.d. 4, Huns, Indo-Europeans on attack of the civilized world. [9] 3, the third: the 13th century a.d. is Mongolia invasion of world civilization. [10] Nomadic peoples need constantly to herd from one farm to another farm, from boyhood in periodic migration, grazing, they learn to carefully planned, accurate implementation and strict discipline. The nomadic lifestyle of the nomadic can be with good training swept, well-organized, well-governed, therefore they are born Warrior. The nomads as long as being a strong leader, so the nomads group is the natural forces. Nomadic women like men who like to take care of all of life, they can let men divert to engaged infringement of grazing. And people's imagination, nomadic life despite a non-agricultural lifestyle, but it is inseparable from agriculture, its premise is in force and there must be within the scope of the agricultural population to stay in touch and commercial point, you can provide the necessary food, iron and other supplies. Agricultural civilization and commercial civilization of prosperity is no stranger to them and will arouse their lust. Nomads in the ability to exchange it for the transaction, the time of hunger when they are looted, and it was Greece businessmen will always be a pirate is the same reason. In fact, the nomadic is always a snooping of the civilized world, once the discovery civilization world to become weak or confused, they will immediately attack. This is thousands of years, nomadic endless invasion the root cause of the civilized world. Moreover, the tremendous impact of nomadic Cavalrymen in hot weapons before the arrival of the times is always threatening agricultural nation, this is their main weapon to win. Violations by nomads, is the fate of each civilization, are not escape. These violations are caught up in China, the world of stepping on a rhythm. Second, the nomads invasion of what China has caused?Wbr > this third world nomads invasion trend, China will catch up, but the effects are not very big. (Limited to length, this article only said that the impact on China. ) First invasion, that is, the 18th century BC, the Chinese nation itself still in formation, while the summer family itself comes from the Shang people is ± è ¥ ¿ç¾œä¹‹å from Dongyi (but week-Yu suspect traders blog and from the West, at least its characteristics are like Western civilization from). In these times, Huaxia shocks, and even get some benefits. Because the Huaxia level of civilization is not high, but at this point the Chinese civilization has received "a burst of innovation is the use of the chariot. Needless to say, this is in the later 18th century b.c. or some time by ouyada plain into China Shang dynasty. "(Toynbee: the humanity and mother earth, chapter 13). The easy-to-China Chinese Academy of Sciences believes that before the opening of the Silk Road between East and West have long existed a road of the "bronze". This channel is not only to introduce nomadic culture in East Asia, but also to introduce sheep and cattle in East Asia, the horse and the bronze technology. In fact, this "bronze road" is the era of the Shang and Zhou dynasties of China's major violations of nomadic people. China ancient times many civilizations factors most likely entered by Western Asia. The second invasion, the demise of the Western Roman Empire, the savage established new Kingdom; India civilization were serious destruction of Huns; northern China was "Hu" torn; but the Eastern Roman Empire and survived in South China. China despite North do falling dust, but Hu civilization of pulse is transferred to the South, and is well preserved; China North after three hundred years of confusion and finally "ethnic fusion", the northern tribes were finished, and eventual reunification of the South. Therefore no one does not admit that followed the Sui and Tang, five dynasties, song or civilization. The third invasion, Mongolia's invasion, China's first encounter throughout the fall. But because Mongolia looked down upon the Han Chinese, difficult and Han "fusion". It now seems that this is a Chinese civilization blessing, because there is no such "fusion", Han can fully retain their traditions. And because Mongolia people unwilling to "fusion" and the continuing discrimination against Han Chinese, Chinese finally up and revolt, Mongolia people miss out! and Mongolia people delay time, Ming dynasty will soon catch up with the level of development in the world, even in many areas also maintain the leading position. It should be said that although China is facing three incursions, but could hang in the past, and continue to keep pace with the world. But at this time, China has experienced its fourth invasion: the year in the 17th century full of China's invasion. The invasion came strange, is also very bad. Since then, Western civilization has been rising, they have completely end a nomadic incursions into the history of the civilized world, and the history of the initiative got his own hands and began to write offensive nomadic peoples of Western civilization as well as all new chapter behind civilization. Portugal and Spain take half a turn into its own colonies in the Americas; the way the Netherlands as the "sea" that cross the vast seas to China; United Kingdom and France who emigrated to North America, the United Kingdom began to weak India civilization into United Kingdom Crown Pearl; European civilizations most backward Savage a — Russia, riding in northern nomadic peoples potential micro, fully towards the East into the past in the Northern nomads so the earth almost entirely dominates. And China, in this moment has not suffered a serious challenge to the West, but suffered a violation of backward Nations, a violation of China's huge disaster! three, why is full of people building the rule of the Chinese civilization fading begin? now few people know and believe in the Ming dynasty, China has already started modernization! full Plains interrupted this historical process that delays in China for 300 years. Most people can't imagine, Ming dynasty, very advanced and open, in many respects, not only does not lag behind the West, but also the world's leading level. First, let's look at the Ming dynasty of spiritual: Ming dynasty of China, in the eyes of the Voltaire is an example of the Western learning. At that time of the Emperor seemed not very hardworking, but good institutions and all levels of bureaucracy well maintained Empire. When intellectuals no longer just the imperial power of attachment of the Academy as a protest of positions, and the class in the DPRK, and with the Emperor argue like Zen commentaries, Tang such scholars are concerned about human rights. China perishes throughout Mongolia's sufferings and favored by the continuing harassment of backward, also makes intellectuals began to look into "national States" build problems. Academy of widely distributed, life's rich, educational outreach, makes a variety of academic activities in the country, but also makes more Chinese conditional and detached from the mullahs of Westerners like thinking about human nature. Then, to the central Chinese intellectuals in the Ming dynasty nobles itself, is confident that it is open from Emperor to all levels of bureaucracy and General intellectuals, on West advanced technologies and the introduction of hold zealousness of welcoming attitude. The past is very low "odd effects techniques", in the Ming dynasty also gained the expansive living space, the Chinese people's freedom of thought and creativity are extremely alarming. 1, in political thought, many thinkers have spearheaded the idea has reached the height of the "civil rights". -Zhi introduced virtual ruler he constitutional thought, said: "the book of David, reset the emperor to the regulation of any of the", "Photo-CD, to, contests ... There is a King, MO can easily do this. " Constitution above all else, even if the world changed hands again, the new "King" cannot easily change the Constitution. Even today, thisSample logic and a few people know the Huang zongxi nupi autocratic monarchy?: "a world of hurt, you just put". Donglin party leaders Gu xiancheng then said: "the world of right and wrong, since when listening to the world", so a clear opinion thought, some today? people know 2, in the humanities, the Ming Dynasty thinkers universal ideas, personality. Wang Yang-ming said: "my spirit, is the ruler of heaven and Earth spirits. "Wang Gen said:" know it as the foundation of the world countries. " Tang Xianzu said: "heaven of man as expensive, people humble against self, what also. "Chen said:" the natural order is from people who want to see, just right, namely the natural order is also right. " At the same time, they are advocates of all academic to break a snare, freely, even when Confucius, nor can you believe everything. Wang Yang-ming said: "in the heart of expensive, get to the heart and not also, although it is too early for Confucius, not daring to think that is also". And he said: "the road to the world's fair also learn that all public schools are also available to non-Zhu and private also, non-Confucius and privacy also available. "More than 400 years later, China is" two Whatevers "on! don't can road in meter! materialism giant Wang Ting also put" but first ru of the letter is "dogmatism who laughed at as" letter off of chicken ", he said:" scholars in the road, not transported in my mind of God that choice trade-offs, and subject to the first letter of the word is of Confucianism, its not as some of you off Greek "jizhe. Feng Meng in the broad smile House service, "said:" laughed that Confucius this old man, you constantly say Fu ' article, it will simply be to better living is killed, "this is the case with the LU Xun and other enlightened elite in the freedom of movement is afterwards? 3, in terms of economic thought, Wang Fuzhi explicitly advocate the Emperor cannot infringe private property:" the King is the son of heaven and Earth, heaven and Earth will be private, and dare to talk about the world of course of Bo thick to fragmented nature "into their own soil. He also pointed out that the Emperor cannot interfere in economic freedom: "you have not find their hygiene, on to it as their shift, for conspiracy to it, and relaxation in the heart of their shift, and then the more lift" livelihood. While this truth, in 400 years later, the country still does not know that their wisdom is not as good as those small hillock village at beheaded dangerous contraband "contract" farmers! Secondly, let us look at the Ming dynasty science and technology: since the middle of the 16th century to the mid-17th century 100 years is the history of science and technology in China a stars brilliant peak period, the colorful variety of scientific results, both parties to intellectual, Li Shizhen, Xu guangqi, Xu Xiake, Song Yingxing five science Giants and Zhu zaiyu, Li Zhi, Wang Zheng, and many other scientists. China's science system has a prototype, and compared favourably with the West. Leibniz in the preface to the Chinese business law, said: "China this ancient civilizations and afforded to Europe's hard, both in the contest". Needham, due to historical coincidence, the rise of modern science in Europe and the Jesuit mission in China's activities in General while at the same time, modern science is almost immediately and contact the traditional Sciences. In the Ming dynasty, China's traditional mathematics, astronomy, and due to the arrival of Western culture. To 1644 Chinese and European mathematics, astronomy and physics has no significant differences in their full integration, unified whole. In the Ming dynasty, a variety of technology and the original machine of invention and innovation in all areas. In Beijing, stupid!, Ming dynasty army was dispatched Chinese-made tanks "foo", then the Chinese society of open and free, creativity of blooming. 1634 year, i.e. the demise of the Ming dynasty, in the first decade of Xu guangqi, under the auspices of the revision of the Chong Zhen Almanac. But a year ago in 1633, in the West, was hailed as one of the founders of the modern science of Galileo is Holy sentenced to life imprisonment, his life is extremely sad. And duties are at an angle "zidongge mountain" and "the great", get wenyuange Chong Zhen Emperor of nin. This is the Western and Chinese Ming dynasty in astronomy, it can be said that the Chinese Ming Dynasty Emperor Chong Zhen astronomy support far beyond Europe. This sets the European astronomy all classic as a% of the Chong Zhen Almanac "not only on behalf of the" Western "academic achievements, also stands for the Chinese to Western astronomy accepted, and even more valuable is that even in Europe also cannot. 1, Xu guangqi proposed the establishment of a mathematics-based an entire discipline of scientific and technical development framework. Chong Zhen 2 years (1629), 26 July, Xu guangqi memorials to Chong Zhen Emperor proposed the bar on the calendar fix precession Shu, discusses the "mathematics and other sciences, mathematics in production function", he is the math as all other basic natural science and engineering. 2, party to the philosophy of natural science and Chile has carried out scientific Division and discussion. When the West even the distinction between philosophy and science are not clear, and the parties to have made clear Chile concept of distinction and relations. 3, in the military sciences, Xu guangqi in Chong Zhen 2 years (1631) founded firearms shangshu recommended equipment modernization of the whole army. He suggested that a camp army vehicle "with" double 120, "vehicles" 120, "grain car" 60 vehicles. "Cannon" 16-bit, the "gun" 80 bits, "Eagle blunderbuss" 100 doors "bird blunderbuss" 1200 Mun, Warrior 2000, cohort 2000 people. …… Conditioned into 15 camp 6 million people, and to nominate a thing of the first training camp. This plan has cut the shock Chong Zhen Emperor appreciation and support, and put into practice. Thing is Xu guangqi, is also a new military thought of Xu to practitioners. Thing in itself in science also has considerable attainments, author of the geometry on the usage of the geometry, the Pacific West is to act. It can be said that no holes are de mutiny, he will train a contingent of very powerful firearms forces to completely destroy the Manchu, should also have no problems. But the thing in the hole has quickly been rebel prisoners, although after Germany back due to misconductOffence was executed. Xu guangqi training new army plans although frustrated, but he had already pointed out the modern military direction of development. There is no interruption of the Qing dynasty, Chinese military is not behind the West. 4. in mechanical engineering and physics, home-made out of the bike, thelate rotation grinding, siphon, Hok drink, engraved leakage, water the blunderbuss, crossbow, farming, round pot, natives who took him as zhugekongming comeback. Thelate and skinny Pavilion cooperation the West ru translation and ears-on, this is the first Roman Bopomofo monographs. Thelate and Western missionaries Tang Yu-letter writing creative cooperation between translation of the far west of odd for an illustration of this is the first system to introduce Western mechanical engineering and physics. 5, modern medicine has also begun to sprout, Li Shizhen of the Materia from facts, not superstitious ancients, its accuracy exceeded all previous works of herbalism. While the NG of pestilence "is revealed at the dawn of the new Chinese medicine. Third, we look at material civilization: Ming represents human civilization development at the highest level. The Ming dynasty of China productivity highly developed, Yongle of iron production up to 9700 tons, and 17th century European production of iron in Russia is the largest number of 2400 tons; the iron, shipbuilding, construction and other heavy industry, or silk, cotton, porcelain, light industry, Ming dynasty, are ahead in the world, the industrial output accounted for around 2/3 or more, than in agricultural output in proportion to the world. At the same time, the volume of foreign trade of the Ming dynasty is quite amazing. On the basis of available research results projected mid-to late Ming, Ming's Centennial, the Eurasian trade flows to China's silver in 7000 to 10000 tons, approximately at that time, World silver production of 1/3. At that time, not the European and Chinese occupy the Centre of the world economy. Fourth, we look at the Ming dynasty external exchanges: Ming's extremely liberal. In the attitude towards foreign civilization, Qu too-advocate should be based on the cultural level to distinguish whether civilized country, he said: "the man and the faithful who, how, although as far back as the lips is party, zhuxia also. Bazhov bum Yan yan, babbling, shameless yan, though close-to-shoulder, Rong also. " Exile to Japan by Zhu shunshui also said: "people will be saying:" the ancients higher than today, China is better than other countries. ' This is your field of force, the occupying a narrow. "Xu said:" you must desire will pass LinkTronix founded; will pass before translation "," three thousand years of increases in the order he gradual repair industry, my days between arch under its ". This idea has received the full support of the Emperor Chong Zhen. In fact, the Ming dynasty of China Civil and official has also expanded to Western science and technology books of large-scale translation. Now we put Lin Zexu and Wei yuan as attent the first person in the world. In fact, than they had two centuries, Xu guangqi, a large number of Ming dynasty intellectuals have turned to the world, and that China's biggest competitor is the Western powers. Xu said: "now build thief, fruit into wild, if really wild, modern pirates of Fujian is also razed." That is, although by then the country's statehood full even though is the enemy of the Ming dynasty, but like Xu guangqi, Chong Zhen emperors like that already know that the West will be China more ferocious enemies, therefore the improbability of also did not forget to step up the introduction of Western science and technology. The Ming dynasty, Chinese people not only go out, but also exclusive Chinese coast and Southeast Asia's maritime supremacy, ensuring maritime security of the motherland. More critically, because we not only have not closed the door, and went out, so that our nautical and military technology are always align with the Western world, not always to lag behind. Resistance in Ming dynasty official support has developed into a thousand ships marine trade vessels, super huge sea trade group. At that time, the resistance group forces has reached "where the sea ship not Zheng's flags and cannot be transported to and from each of the cases in the second daughter, years into the millions, as rich an enemy." The first people Netherlands Chong Zhen, and Han Chinese Xu Xin Su jointly in Dongshan Island Sea to launch an attack, resistance fury sent out thousands of boats are fighting back, caught the two Netherlands ship and 85 Netherlands crew. Soon also in Xiamen, Xu Xin Su captured executed and then catch a boat Netherlands ship and a speedboat. Wait until the powerful Chinese pirate group, after rising liuxiang forces "in collaboration with the Netherlands and liuxiang, in 1633, 12 July surprise Xiamen, the resistance in port 20 to 30 of Navy ships sunk or damaged warships, the damaged vessel every ship above the door equipped with 16, 20 or even 36 door Cannon, resistance of Ming army seen Navy strength to what degree. But in just a couple of months of resistance could continuously on the Netherlands were two huge sea counterattack. Dispatch including 50 ships large warships, 150 ship warships, the Pirates of the Group and the Netherlands Liuxiang who suffered heavy losses. Last annihilated powerful liuxiang pirate group, and the Netherlands suffered a heavy blow to the colonial robbers. This results in the history of Chinese and foreign exchange are rare. Also laid the resistance of Ming Army Marine forces in this sea of supremacy. Netherlands people appreciate his powerful, changed his hostile attitude, and his co-operation, to almost entirely from his monopoly of trade in the benefits. The Netherlands East Indies company simply cannot compete with resistance group, both in the military, or in trade. Germany scholars Aldreehewiltn said "he relied on the rape of business taxation (each imported cases into second daughter), and rely on their own speculation, and finally saved up a great asset, his vessels were over, he makes its shipowners cruise to Siam, Manila, on Malacca, etc., as well as wealth, luxury he override above in his sovereign." At that time, even the other members of the family's Zheng, are incredibly enemy, such as households, Zheng Tai "guarding the Golden Gate, millions"" To do "and" less "million. We can also choose from other aspects of the China Maritime group at that time, powerful rich-to what extent. The late Ming China's private maritime trade, "said:" Taiwan first, Chong Zhen Netherlands Chief zhilong entered into for a period of three years of the purchase contract, agreed resistance delivered annually to the Netherlands, sugar raw silk $ 5000, sugar and Ginger thousand, five thousand bear on silk ling, Netherlands pay $ 29 million 9700, this contract because of the lack of cash in the Netherlands East Indies Company. " In short, the Ming dynasty Chinese civilization is entering a more advanced stage of human civilization on the eve of the future is not available. Although a popular uprisings in the Northwest of the famine, but to the strength of the Ming dynasty is completely crushed. In fact, starting with the popular uprisings in PingDing full person due to increased revenue. Increase revenue, does not feel that the burden in the South, while the Northwest but can't afford. If full of people not in the country, making trouble: one is unlikely to play the popular uprisings in the Northwest, also tries their best to suppress the Ming dynasty, and struggling with the bandits were sitting. China song, Song dynasty, Song dynasty, Ming fundamentally not perishes inside, but perishes. If that is not the demise of ethnic minorities, Chinese civilization achievements will be further accumulation, might create a more brilliant future. But all this is nuzhen, Mongolia and full people these enemies destroyed! Ricci on then Ming Ming dynasty community has had this description: "this material production greatly enriched, all ethnicities, sugar than European white cloth than European fine …, clothing, grace, euphoria, polite people, his grace. (Notes on Chapter 10 Ricci in China). This is how the situation in the West today. [11] it is mentioned above, in the Qing dynasty rule, Huaxia race into what ? first we look at the spiritual: Qing dynasty Manchu by Jiading three TU, Yangzhou 10, almost all advocate integrity, unwilling to interracial domination of intellectuals massacres. Policy through the Holocaust, a Manchu people first thoroughly destroy the Totems of traditional clothing and hair ornaments, China National Head of the root behind sloshing pig tails became a conquest to make the most of the Chinese nation was dishonour, Chinese have never lost the confidence and pride, and national identity are all gone. Lu Xun's critique of nationals seeking hard, is it not the slaves of character? noble Chinese nation in the Manchu foreign rule dying, dying. In the beginning of the Qing dynasty emperor generations stride toward intellectual, intellectual self family tradition of ruling the flat world ultimate concern, on human rights, the human nature of the Chinese Earth extinction, absurd epigraphy, fish school up in the traditional Chinese culture no longer is a living body, and by the Museum, and delve into the Manchu approved the so-called classic and Egypt epidemiologist at the British Museum leafing Egypt literature no different, but also very close to name — the sinology. Han Chinese lore is the paper, which means that the Han people really become an archaeological sense of the term, or the Qing Han Chinese have not Han, Qing dynasty rulers, also initiates compilation Sikuquanshu, burnt and tampering with a large number of representatives of Chinese civilization the highest stage of development Essentials book, if later on the East Asian countries, agriculture and handicraft of great contributions to the development of the agricultural works "," Heavenly Creations "were lost until after the opium war of Chinese students in Japan, in Japan rediscovered. Secondly, we look at the Qing material civilization: agricultural context, when the Ming Chong Zhen Arita 783 waving, to 31 years of Qianlong (1766) before recovering to 741 waving, visible in the Qing dynasty had more than 100 years to recover to the end of the scale of production. The highest record is 17-year reign of 791 million, just over mingchongzhen period 7, 8 000 thousand hectares. The biggest merit of the Qing dynasty is demographic, during the reign of nearly $ 400, is the number of times the Ming! but no increase in food production, trade and industry has not developed the Ming dynasty, the population quadrupled mean? is it not the people of the general decline in the quality of life? Qianlong when visiting United Kingdom Envoy Macartney said: "there are amazing poverty", "many people have no clothes", "like a beggar as ragged army." Chinese historical population development, there is a limit of around about 100 million to song, bright rich did not exceed this limit. There is no increase in productivity of the Qing dynasty, it breeds so much of the population, not only from the Qing dynasty, China has entered a low quality of life, and this development model is a kind of "anti-modernization of the road", a huge population has become a huge burden of China's modernization.