Away from the conceit of nationalism () _ Rao Tsing

Source: economic observer author: Xiao Gong Qin 2010 08/22/08: 59 me two sentences (0) replication link print small Page 1: don't put after the founding of the first thirty years of romantic Page 2: authoritarian era historical romantic mistakes The Chinese model of two uses: as China's economic rise of the "China model" has become a hot topic and would like to ask you about, do you recognize a Chinese model? if so, how do you describe this mode? a: China pattern can have two different uses. One is the language of the ideological level, people use it to prove the superiority of Chinese development path to play the inspiring and propaganda Chinese characteristics of modern role. Some Western scholars in rethinking Western economic and social difficulties, often to be romantic landscape in China, as a reference, to reflect on the West, the Western mainstream trends often advantages with the Chinese model, forming the present by echoing the "China model" concept. Another usage is neutral social structure usage, i.e. from the taxonomic system internal State and the relationship between the society, on such terms by the special historical path developed countries and the social structure of academic orientation be objectively, realistically on its strengths, weaknesses, inherent contradictions and development prospects. This kind of development politics of China patterns that help us thoroughly from the academic perspective reflection to deepen the understanding of the current system, as well as on international academic fields of development politics itself. I was two years ago the Chinese transition: from development politics at the Chinese book of reform, the development of political sense of the Chinese model, make their own analysis. In my view, since the reform and opening up, China's system of formation of thirty years of relative stability has, from its taxonomic viewpoint, the basic characteristics is a special kind of State and society structure, that is, the State has inherited the all-embracing political heritage of historical era, in the strength of the national executive power on the society on the basis of the control, so that the community members and business access to substantial financial autonomy. On the one hand, the market competition, enterprises, local competition for their own interests, vitality to release, at the same time, in order to adapt to the market economy development, increase social mobility, social and cultural spheres for certain autonomous space; on the other hand, the State and as we grow, on socio-economic, political and cultural sphere played a strong role for regulation and guidance. In this way, social vitality of release and the effective control of the country, it is possible to reach a new equilibrium. More specifically, on the one hand, since China adopted the reform party-led path instead of revolutionary path is all-embracing system transformation, it retains a strong advantage of State administrative capacity and economic pluralism and social competitiveness and improving the country's ability to attract wealth, the State of social mobilization capabilities have unprecedented material basis; on the other hand, due to historical path constraints, the autonomy of the civil society and cultural development, social backwardness in the countries we long care, its capacity has never been development, even on the State of dependence, which in turn had to strengthen national capabilities to solve society's own insufficiency, the causal relation, in turn, influence the development of the community itself, this system can also be referred to as "strong countries — weak social structures." From politics on classification, which is the all-embracing socialist model and developing of authoritarian modes of a political formation, we can take it as a new authoritarian in a special type, or you can call it "post-totalitarian-authoritarian mode". It is all-embracing institutional evolution by reformist way, consistent with the above, the two countries, the world's only two, so you can call it the "China – Viet Nam" mode. If you are big Korea awaken by the reformist way's reform and opening up, will join the ranks of the national model, other system can draw, but it is hard to replicate. To the formation of economic restructuring and economic growth in the importance of strong organizational strength, for many developing countries is very long, but it is not easy, but China precisely through revolutionary all-embracing the competition system to a soft landing, set up an existing strong country, a vibrant social economic sphere of this structure. "After the function new authoritarianism," a special advantage: why China could play a positive role model? how to treat more and more people began to praise the West that pattern? a: I visited Europe a medium developed their national income per capita-world's 30-plus is much higher than in China, but I found their biggest cities are basically no overhead, and other modern facilities as many cities in China. Then know that the vast majority of the country's revenues are used in the healthcare, universal free education, pension and other social welfare services. When they want to use in the Treasury of the funds to public undertakings, such as the development of urban highway, will have to face the numerous powerful bargaining of private property owners, they will propose astronomical expropriation compensation, the Government and the owners, trade unions negotiate cost is very high, so I had to abandon the plan. Now in many countries, including many middle-income countries, on the one hand, countries have introduced social democracy of the welfare policy, Community industry has been highly personal, and into a development cost is very high predicament. In particular, many medium-developed, in the past called "second world"Countries that are far from developed countries, the colonial era is accumulated economic strength, advanced and embarked on the development of numerous democratic countries, their development is even more serious, in fact, Greece the debt crisis is typical of this dilemma. Relative to these countries, China mode is, in turn, the State had given up the planned economy era commitment to urban residents of the education, health and labor, and other Super phase of welfare State in the burden of economic burdens on can (we aside the pros and cons of doing so). On the other hand, the land still represents all or collective ownership, making national can countries led development authoritarian regimes, the modern capital of low-cost expansion, while Governments being aroused by a strong sense of achievement, and the impulse so that they can use all-embracing period established by administrative means to live large mobilization, to develop the local construction. As land is essentially public, the law has only the right to use the landless people and peasants, shall not be sufficient bargaining positions, the local government area, almost a formidable, not encounter much trouble. No country for this comes from embracing the mobilization in the era of market economy. It can be said that China's high speed embodies the "after-function new authoritarianism" special advantages. After this kind of "function" of the new authoritarian, compared to Latin America, Southeast Asia, South Asia-authoritarian, more rigid handle issues of capacity and resources of national strength, thus maintaining the "low political participation of high capital" model of economic development. According to the latest overseas, Switzerland in Lausanne, the International Institute for management development (IMD) 2010 annual ranking of the world competition of the latest, China ranked No. 18 (last year, for the first 20 people), in BRIC (BRIC), China's competitiveness continues to lead the other three countries, Brazil, Russia and India. China's economic growth rate last year 8.7%, the highest in the world; on the other hand, are being caught in sovereign debt crisis in the EU countries, only the area's largest economies Germany packed into the top 20. It can be said that this is so far all authoritarianism, strong mobilize capacity most of authoritarianism. When Westerners face serious disruption of their own development bottlenecks, which implements the welfare policy in Western countries, as well as wars of third world countries, in turn, the envy of China's high-efficiency, can understand. United States Economist Koli analysis such as East Asia Korea and China Taiwan region development advantages how there, has proposed a "cohesion capitalism" concept, this type of national and regional characteristics: first, the development trend of political Union occurs between capitalists and rule regime, competent bureaucrats closely with entrepreneurs; second, economic growth as the focus, the rapid industrialization to national objectives; third, the mobilization of private capital is committed to the national development strategies; and fourth, countries can effectively supervise and control the labour, working class low degree of political participation, for the development of low-cost operation made important contributions. In fact, this versatile system after than "condensation capitalism" system, has a more powerful mobilization and aggregation capabilities of social resources. This is because, born revolutionary all-in-one system are system, its ability to penetrate society, organization of social mobilization, and development of ideological resources, become guide social market economy for the socialization of means and resources, elite selection mode standard, the standard from the revolutionary to development-oriented technical bureaucratic and protected by the ruling party's disciplinary constraints, all these become the mode of execution. From the response to SARS and Wenchuan earthquake, from the Olympics to the Expo, the world has seen the strong mobilization of China patterns. In summary, many developed countries with medium-developed countries, including a considerable number of developing countries, are caught in a way you can call it a "populist — the plight of welfarism", that is, the populist democracy and the welfare of these two factors combine to produce the special development trap. On the one hand, those countries had introduced advanced to welfare and social policy; on the other hand, one person, one vote democracy, benefit from welfare policies of the labour community is huge supporters, any attempts to abandon welfare policies to stimulate competition and efficiency of classical liberalism politicians, will be treated as Conservatives. Members and politicians in order to obtain a public ballot, had to meet the huge public welfare requirements at the expense of economic efficiency, the leaders had to use excessive average and welfare commitments for public political support. Even if you try to change this situation by politicians, they once in power, will find themselves subject to many limitations, unable to develop and implement reasonable industrial policy, the opposition and the "greedy", the pressure to reform. Parliament was strong monopoly of resistance. Unable to fully pursue economic development at the same time, improve welfare, structural reforms, and other targets, or security policy of protracted and consistency. When the need for structural reforms to address the disparity between the rich and the poor, the Government is in fact a weak Government. Relative to the above countries, China patterns have authoritarian control and efficiency-oriented features of the development of a certain period, it also has a special advantage. It is in this sense, the advantages of the Chinese model, is by no means Mao Zedong's all-embracing the advantages of the Socialist system, which is the development of the country's authoritarian system advantages, is enlightened despotism-development path. When many foreign people deeply feel the populist democracy and welfare theory of time, when they put their "populist welfare" system and the Chinese model mobilization capability in contrast, they commended China can understand. The Chinese model of vulnerable and not ask: now there is a great idea, China's authoritarian model into a world of Xiang Bobo in hot pursuit, we should adhere to this mode what attitude? answer: as mentioned above, as the Chinese model of this authoritative institution, only from the "national society" all-powerful system evolve, this institutional reform and opening up previously, made worse by a lack of institutional supervision within the bureaucracy, but after the reform, the civil society remains extremely lacking. System and external powers are lack of checks and balances and constraints. This system is community of disadvantaged countriesWeakening the ability of checks and balances, bureaucratic self-interest Act to restrict by society to correct community backlash is often interpreted as the instability, the country has enough strong autonomy by inhibiting community to continue structural balance, under certain conditions, there could be plunged into a path. China Youth daily recently reported that one thing, Datong City Public Security Bureau mining Branch Secretary in its high Jianxun, as Datong City Public Security Bureau investigation detachment duty period, private entrepreneurs Zhang bin, sacked 200 million deal after arrest and he said to him, "you always have to see me, get 200 million so hard." High said it was in the public prosecutor's Office, at least be sentenced him to a totally unpredictable. So order processing with their fake Zhang bin, 900 days in custody of misjudgments. The entrepreneur's 2000 million sale of assets or is illegal. High Jianxun has exclusive national may 1st labor Medal "". This matter as Shanxi Datong city officials conceal mine recently five years ago, have been dismissed from their posts, the exposure. This is by no means an individual, we should see our institutional deficiencies. This is a "very strong State — a very weak social" type of structure. Therefore, if the normal "high-frequency, low-intensity" damping mechanism cannot be formed, letting it go on, there a social conflict theory on the alleged "low frequency and high strength" social conflict and political participation. Secondly, due to the lack of civil society, originally by the community to undertake social features, such as education and culture, are a strong country Pack down, the State bureaucrat has a natural tendency of the Executive of utilitarianism, which makes China's educational, cultural, social and ideological aspects governed by the administrative and bureaucratic constraints, the diversity of social benefits could not be passed to regulate the civil society, mass events abound. Administrative and bureaucratic "nanny" on culture and education of strong control, is also bound to this national hand society original ecological negative impact of cultural creativity. This anomaly is description of the serious shortcomings in our system. Our problem too much, still far from reaching now need our praises with scholars because of age. Third, is the "countries and the poor" trap. As noted by some academics, Government involvement in economic transition, curbing labor income increases, for example, the Government, through the monopoly of land resources, land can easily get the huge revenue and conversion to astronomical high prices, this fact is not consciously on the ordinary disguised "deprivation", but people only look room sigh, powerless. This kind of "countries and the poor" situation if you do not change, even consumption are very difficult, to say nothing of the gross national happiness era. Therefore, the only system on the establishment of an effective mechanism to prevent the State monopoly, and the prevention of corruption, improve the legal system, in a non-political sphere the development of civil society, development of the autonomy of civil society that can effectively prevent local politics in a "class of Sudan-" the spread of the phenomenon, which is the most serious challenges facing. Do not leave after the founding of the first thirty years of Romance: simultaneously with foreign stocks rally, a domestic intellectual circles, think Western democratic IMC is in fact a lot of problems, while China has many advantages, advocates a comprehensive reflection on the reform and opening-up of 30 years, such as when we believe that good health care, basic education is very high, with national power enables industrial accumulation, as later laid the Foundation for the reform and opening up, such as when building a lot of water, the more equal society, and the first thirty years of economic growth is also very high (1952-1980 6.25%). (In the mode of interpretation of the people's Republic of 60 years in the book have concentrated on displaying). How to understand this phenomenon? are we really overlook the achievements of the previous 30 years? a: before 30 years after the founding of the included "cultural revolution" of the system can be summed up as the Soviet Union of Stalin's model of "Palm", which planned economy mode has four major disadvantages. A suppressed human basic a competitive capacity, i.e. micro-entity in economic activities inspire vitality, big institutional lack incentives to enable community members lack of enthusiasm in production, allowing the entire community in macro-economic stagnation on into absolute and are depleted state. In some areas, two strong labor per Nikko score, not an old hen eggs (then an egg is 0.11 $ gongfen 0.05 element). According to the statistics of the Ministry of agriculture in 1980, to 1978, the national farmers ' per capita income but 74.67 element. Secondly, the directive plan system, planners and decision makers the ability of information acquisition and processing capacity, the capacity of the sensible man natural limitations, simply cannot cope with a huge social so complicated and diverse and constantly changing variety of social needs, it is difficult to formulate reasonable destined to a comprehensive plan. What is more, the planners of the utopian impulse without any inhibition, this disaster to society may be serious to the descendants of unimaginable proportions. Third, plan of bureaucratic disease is unavoidable. As a result of the planned community throttling features that are planned to take under the bureaucracy, bureaucratic number of very large, and the bureaucracy itself inevitably raises the question, and Mao Zedong thought to be outside the influence of bourgeois public ownership. While this error judgment, the "cultural revolution" instigators total dictatorship. Fourth, the very "left" trends of the economic base is the planned system, there is no planned system, a "leftist" disaster even minute introduction. Because it is this system, denying people the right to vote with their feet, it poses serious consequences, of course, the result would have a "left" trends to the extreme, makes the choice of this modernization has been failed. A "left" of the disastrous consequences that caused all the Chinese people and the ruling elite of the awakening of reason and common sense, China embarked on the path of reform and opening up, this is the history of the Chinese people. It was necessary to "comprehensive reflection of thirty years", on the ground that, at that time medical good basic education levels are high, built a lot of power with the State water project, enables industrial accumulation, when more equal society, and the first thirty years of economic growth is also very high, and so on. These words of the people is undoubtedly the world's most radical cultural romantics, I recommend these lovely romanticIdealists to read people's Publishing House 2008 published bade farewell to hunger, "a book is determined by four Xinhua in 1980 visits to rural Northwest Zhongnanhai after a confidential report, this report reveals the tales of the brothers of impoverished peasants into life, for the sake of survival and the local Government of sharp conflict Central pain following the determination of the reform and opening up. When Hu Yaobang was reading the report three days later, personally attended to the liupa mountain from Beijing. This book documents the one sad words of Shanxi farmers: "commune to our farmers like animals like a restless tied to Groove, tied by a tank can also forage, but not to eat, and don't let us go grass to eat ..." the book title page says "historical facts is nurturing our nation's most valuable milk". If you say "cultural revolution" is there anything positive, that is it a utopia to the extreme, comics, from the negative side, the Chinese education become the beginning of reform and opening up a very favourable factors, was modernized into all sectors of the society without the need to mobilize the general consensus, including those who were also want through economic growth to increase their legitimacy. As long the people yearn for water thirst, a "leftist" era of the "cultural revolution" disaster like the pendulum effect, make the people ahead of half a century, from this utopia myth of awakening. Of course, the old system of historical heritage brings unexpected benefits of reform are, first of all, in the absence of external investments, through land reform, agricultural and industrial scissors, enable farmers to bear a low level of more than 20 years of life, from farmers to obtain huge wealth for industrial investment and industrial investment in the formation of industrial building into national economy starting basis, thereby avoiding dependence on foreign capital to achieve industrialization of Latin America-history of development of dependence. Secondly, the Mao Zedong era low living standard and market-oriented economic income of contrast, in the early stages of market competition, the formation of workers for well below the international average wage labour, low-paying universal relative satisfaction, can greatly contribute to the investment into China. Chinese workers are in quite a long period under the low-paid, because reform before was too poor to reform the previous very low standards of living, the Chinese workers particularly migrant workers, through a comparative portrait relative satisfaction, has also made public to meet the existing and not too high wages and living conditions, low-cost and low-price competitive advantage. Third, reforms before embracing old structure on social autonomy of eradication, the social formation prevail above the country strong strength, when revolutionary utopia of a "left" ideology in the emancipation process is negative, this kind of strong national organization strength is to reform and economic development, utilizing its mandatory characteristics for change, less social resistance. Such as essentially State-owned land, is free of charge. In many developing countries because of a lack of State authority and suffering, but due to bid farewell to the utopia of China's high-performance state and won the benefits. Parties to the social and economic activities and organization features contributions, good professional bureaucracy is essential for economic growth. The mobilization of organizations in China, in the development plan instead of something like a war mobilization, ideological transformation of new features: a high quality of cheap labour. Trained officials, etc., these are all-embracing system of historical heritage, through an old bottle of wine, since reform and opening up of modernization has a positive effect, this does not mean that the old system itself should be affirmed. Sin is the all-embracing heritage and cannot lead China's economic prosperity and development. As noted by Chen zhiwu, after more than 200 years the development of the industrial revolution, to 1978, Western so many mature industrial production techniques, such as in China, as long as China is willing to open, willing to join the world trade order, I also like to introduce these technologies, then this so-called latecomer, really quickly. In other words, originally used to promote a radical egalitarianism of planned economy countries, in 30-organization of years later, in turn, development of market economy and economic restructuring and development of new features, this is not the Mao Zedong did three major transformation is expected, and this can only be described as a "people count as day". We cannot reform success as an all-embracing utopia planned system success.