Geographical review syllabus _ fix Xuan Yanmo

Seventh grade vol.1 outline geography review 1. Earth latitude is the biggest circumference about Equatorial, 4 000 km. The Earth's surface area is 5.1 million square kilometers. Earth's mean RADIUS is 6371km. 2. the world's largest continent is Asia, the smallest continent is Oceania. Four of the largest in the ocean is the Pacific Ocean, the smallest is the Arctic Ocean, latitude highest Ocean is the Arctic Ocean. 3. If the scale on the map, then the range is small, but the content detail. Scale of the three forms are digital, segment-, text-type. The four oceans on the Earth, the most widely across the longitude is the Arctic Ocean. Seven continents, most widely across longitude is Antarctica. 4. contour mapping, slope steepness, contour-intensive; slope gently place, contour sparse. Map of the three elements is orientation, scale, legends and notes. The world's largest island is Greenland. 5. the land topography there are five forms in General, the mountains, Plains, plateaus, basin, hills. Land and sea changes caused by changes in the Earth's crust key reasons and sea-level rise. V belt, the ground is the sun light and minimal is North frigid zone and southern boreal. 6. the world's first spaceship into space astronauts are Gagarin. My first spaceship into space astronauts is Yang Liwei. The surface of the Earth, the land area of total surface area of 29%. 7. the seven continents of the world, North and South America in line is the Panama Canal. The boundary between Asia and Africa are the Suez Canal. The boundary between Asia and Europe are the Ural mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Great Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea, Turkey channel. 地球和地图第一节 地球和地球仪1.地球的形状：两极稍扁赤道略鼓的不规则球体2.地球的大小：平均半径6371千米最大周长4万千米 表面积5.1亿平方千米3.地球是球体的证据：⑴麦哲伦环球航行P2 ⑵月食⑶轮船由远驶近，先见船杆后见船身P4 ⑷地球卫星照片⑸欲穷千里目，更上一层楼等4.经线和纬线的区别（见P5—P7）纬线经线(又名子午线)定义与地轴垂直并且环绕地球一周的圆圈接南北两极并和纬线垂直相交的半圆形状圆半圆长度从赤道向极点逐渐缩短等长指示方向东西方向南北方向相互关系平行相交5.经度和纬度（见P6－P7）经度（子午线） >纬度划分起点0°经线(本初子午线)0°纬线(赤道)划分方法 0°经线以东为东经(E)以西为西经(W 　　0°纬线以北为北纬(N)以南为南纬(S)数值由0°经线向东向西同时增大数值由0°纬线向南向北同时增大数值范围0°—180°（180°W和180°E重合）0°—90°（90°N(北极) 90°S(南极)）表达方式度数＋W或E数值＋N或S变化数轴半球划分20°W以东至160°E以西为赤道以北为北半球东半球(20°W-0°-160°E)赤道以南为南半球20°W以西至160°E以东为西半球(20°W-180°-160°E)另：经线圈——两条相对的经线（即经度差为180°的两条经线）组成的圆圈例题11. Write A, B of coordinates (A:15 ° W, 15 ° S B:75 ° E, 0 °) problem solving methods: ① determine the longitude and latitude: linear type weft cross weft vertical warp weft see lines; the others, intersect, or eventually intersect line is parallel to the warp, always is Parallels ② judgment East, North, South, North latitude: 0 ° to direct judgement, 0 ° longitude East is to the West is E, W, 0 ° latitude South to the North is N, is S; no 0 ° longitude or latitude of weft direction based on the numerical increase to judgment — increased to East values East longitude (E), the value to the West increased to West longitude (W), increased latitude North (N) addition to the South of latitude (S) 『 Note: to determine the starting point, based on this figure by (WEFT) degrees pitch to determine 』 2. Determine A, B hemispheric location (A: Eastern hemisphere, the southern hemisphere B: old world, the boundaries of Northern and southern hemispheres) ① according to latitude determine South, the northern hemisphere. Latitude N letters for later in the northern hemisphere, for the southern hemisphere, S neither N or S, in the equator, is located at the boundary between northern and southern hemispheres ② according longitudes East, the Western Hemisphere judgment, there are two ways: the first few axis method, draw axis semi-spherical partition number (as above), will determine the number of axes of point in the appropriate location, and then reads the hemispheric location. Second, the majority of numerical methods in the Eastern hemisphere, East longitude degrees East longitude degree > 160 ° West longitude in the Western Hemisphere; most degrees West longitude in the Western Hemisphere, < 20 ° degrees in the Eastern hemisphere. In addition, 0 ° longitude in the Eastern hemisphere, 180 ° longitude in the Western Hemisphere, 20 ° W and 160 ° E to the boundaries in the Eastern hemisphere (neither in the Eastern hemisphere, nor in the Western Hemisphere) 3.A in B of direction (A in the southwest of B) problem solving methods: ① according longitudes East-West direction: judging the degree in East, West longitude degree in West (e.g. a 110 ° E b 10 ° E, beetle in East b in West; c 110 ° W-50 ° W, c Ding in the West in the East; e E f 10 ° 40 ° W, e in the East has been in the West; the two sides in longitude degrees one in West longitude degrees, special attention should be paid to whether the two longitude and more than 180 °, if more than 180 ° while longitude degrees West longitude in the West, in the East such as: Geng Xin 100 ° W and 100 ° E, g. dongxin in West) ② according to latitude North-South direction: judging the degree of latitude in the North and South in the southern ③ integrated ①② judging the result is that the direction examples 21. Mark C, D in longitude problem solving ideas: from the Centre of the North Pole (N) know, this figure for Arctic top, known by the North inverse Lam soon in this figure the direction as counterclockwise rotation of the Earth (which can be used in the figurePencil drawing of the direction, to support the answer). A longitude 0 °, B of longitude to 180 ° C, D, know the longitude is 90 °. From A to C numerical increase, and increase the direction and in the same direction as the Earth's rotation, i.e. towards the East, so that for longitude degrees C 90 ° E. From A to D numerical increase, but also to increase the orientation and rotation in the opposite direction, that is, to the West, so D is West longitude of 90 ° W2.A in B of direction (A Northwest in B) seeking A in the direction of Mr. B, that is, to A position of relative to B, A to determine the direction of point B to point of reference. Problem solving ideas: ① to judge things direction: from the point of reference set out to determine the direction of the point, if the road direction and in the same direction as the rotation is to determine the direction of the point in the point of reference, instead of the Orient in the West tell North-South direction ②: from the North Pole (N) near the South Pole to the North, from the point (S) near the South ③ direction of integrated ①② judgment to ask directions. 1. the movement of the Earth's rotation of the Earth's orbital motion direction from West to East from West to East revolving Center axis solar cycle day (24 hours) for one year (365 or 366 days) produces the phenomenon time differences between night and day and night replacement length changes of the seasons causes the Earth is not transparent sphere and rotation round the day revolution axis and orbital is 66. 5 ° angle Note: time diff-location more towards the East, time sooner Earth rotation direction from West to East, look in the Arctic since the Earth to Rotate counterclockwise, and looking over the Antarctic Earth since turned clockwise rotation, i.e. North inverse Lam soon 2. year noon sun height changes year day length changes 3. quarter knowledge generalization (see left) date too sunlight of the length of day and night in the northern hemisphere winter seasonal solar northern hemisphere season A twilight equally 0 ° 3.21 spring 3, 4, 5B 6.22 23.5 ° N day and night short summer solstice summer 6, 7, 0 ° 8C 9.23 equally autumnal fall 9, 10, 11D 12.22 23.5 ° S day short night long winter solstice winter 12, 1, 24.5 belt Division (see below right) temperature zone range climate features special geographical phenomena between tropical Tropics (23.5 ° S — 23.5 ° N) all year round hot sun beating down South temperate Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle (23.5 ° S — 66.5 ° S) have no seasons and tropic North to the Arctic (23.5 ° N — 66.5 ° N) have no seasons and cold Antarctic Circle South Pole (66.5 ° S — 90 ° S) is the very cold polar night North frigid Arctic and the North Pole (66.5 ° N — 90 ° N) is the very cold polar night 5. high, medium and low latitude Division: 0 °-30 ° to-latitude, 30 °-60 ° to 60 ° latitude, in-90 ° to high latitudes. Section III map 1 maps: a wide range of areas such as a province, a national or even global geographical things by a certain percentage of narrow, with different symbols, colors represented on the plane. Map of three elements: the scale and orientation, legend ⑴ scale a formula: scale = map distance/spot distance (scale, is on the distance than the extent of the distance to narrow the field) b size: scale is a fraction, the smaller the scale denominator, the larger the scope of the art field, content detail denominator larger scale smaller art field range is large, more briefly c for the method: text type-map 1cm representative field distance 40km digital-1: 4000000 (1km = 1000m = 100000cm) segment type- (cm of km to 5 0 km-cm plus 5 0) ⑵ direction: a general introduction on the North by East West and South of the left and right directional b point to the arrow marked orientation: refers to the direction to the North by beacon pan to a reference point and then determine the direction of warp weft direction: c indicates the North-South direction, latitude indicates what direction ⑶ legend and note: the legend-map is used to indicate geographical things symbols (keeping in mind the P14 common legend) note-used to indicate the name of geographic object text and description of the mountain high depth of digital topographic maps 3. ⑴ contour map: with contours that ground level of the map ⑵ tiered color map: can clearly see the ground level morphological and seabed undulations of ⑶ terrain profiles: Visual representation of the ground along a certain direction of undulating terrain and slopes and steep ease 4. altitude: ground a point above the sea level of the vertical distance between the relative height: a point higher than another vertical distance, i.e., the difference of altitude: 5. the contour lines on the map to the same altitude points connected to line 6. contour map of judgement (see P16, P17) mountains a. Hill: contour is a closed curve, high and low values in B. Ridge: contour downward protruding c. Valley: contour projecting to high out of the saddle: d. a numeric equivalent of contour between e. Falaise: f. contour contour lines coincide, distribution-intensive steepest gradient; slope contour distribution sparse, gentle plateau: elevation higher > 500m edge steepest relatively flat plain, internal: altitude very low < 200m ground smooth, undulating small basin: surrounded by high, middle and low hills: the low altitude, slope, and the land and sea first section continents and oceans ⒈ 71 per cent of the Earth's surface (3.61 million km2) is a marine, and the land area is only 29% (1.49 million km2). In summary, the Earth is one-seventh of water, land and sea distribution is not uniform. The land is mainly concentrated in the northern hemisphere, but it is a around the Arctic Ocean, the ocean is mostly distributed in the southern hemisphere, and South Pole is a piece of land around 2. regardless of how the Earth plane is divided into two equal hemispheres are marine area is larger than the land area 3. sea is part of the ocean's edge, the ocean is a central part of the ocean, the channel is a communication the two narrow waterways 4 sea-four oceans area is from largest to smallest: Pacific (largest, Islands, water temperature in the highest, most deep water); Atlantic (shape, like the "S"); the Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean (the smallest, most widely across the longitude, latitude highest) 5. continental shelf and the continental slope, trench 6. global land surrounded by the ocean, and split into many pieces, including large and vast area is called continental (for a total of six continents: Europe, the South American continent, the North American continent, the African continent, Australia, Antarctica continent), the smaller is the island. Continent and its surrounding islands collectively known as continents, the peninsula is the land into the oceans of protruding parts. The world's largest continent is Eurasia, the smallest continent is Australia's largest island is North of Greenland, the largest of the continents, Asia, the largest peninsula in the Arabian Peninsula 7. global land is divided into seven continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, in Europe, the Pacific Ocean (from largest to smallest) largest in Asia, the smallest of the Oceanian; on average, the highest is Antarctica, an average elevation of the lowest in Europe, mainly located in the old world, continents, Asia, Europe, Africa, Oceania and Antarctica, all located in the old continent is Africa, all located in the Western Hemisphere are South America and North America; main is located in the northern hemisphere continents of North America, Asia, Europe, Africa, all is located in the northern hemisphere's largest continent is North America and Europe, all located in the southern hemisphere's largest continent is Antarctica; being surrounded by ocean on three continents is the Arctic Ocean, surrounded by three oceans and continents is Antarctica; latitude longitude Supreme, across the broadest continents are Antarctica; latitude longitude Supreme, across most of the Arctic Ocean are; 8. boundaries of continents: Asia-Europe's boundaries are the Ural mountains, the Ural River, the big Caucasus, Turkey, str.;-African boundaries is the Suez Canal; South and North America is the Panama Canal watershed; the boundaries of Asia, North America is the Bering Sea; North America, and Europe's boundaries is the Denmark Strait; South America, Antarctica boundaries is Drake straits; in Europe, the non-boundaries is the Strait of Gibraltar section II land and sea of change 1. movements of the Earth's crust and sea level rise is the main reason for the change of land and sea. Human activities, such as land reclamation, etc., can also cause changes in land and sea (sea-change in the instance of proof: the Himalayas in the direction of marine fossils; the East China Sea; the ruins of the ancient River Netherlands of reclamation closure) 2. Germany scientists wigner proposes the hypothesis of continental drift. Its view is: 200 million years ago, the continents on Earth is connected to a continent, its surrounding is like an ocean. Later, the original continental mainland is split into several pieces, slowly drifting apart, gradually formed the seven continents, four oceans distribution 3. plate tectonics theory point of view: a surface rock is not the whole piece, but by the flattening of six plates (P37) b major tectonic plate is in constant movement. C tectonic plate inside the crust relatively stable, sturdy crust plate are active. (Note: each section are common land and ocean, the Pacific plate is composed almost entirely by the Ocean) 4. world of volcanoes, earthquakes are concentrated in the zone at the junction of tectonic plates. The world's two largest volcanic and seismic zone: Central Pacific volcanic earthquake zone (maximum) and the Eastern Mediterranean-Himalayan volcanic and seismic zone 5. tectonic plate movement can be divided into rifting and impact extrusion two campaigns. Tectonic plate movement occurring rifting, the surface will produce rift, the emergence of new oceans, such as: the East African Rift Valley, the Red Sea area will become the new marine occurrence; plate extrusion surface is formed when the collision of the mountains, Ocean area smaller or even disappear as: Eastern Mediterranean area shrinking (Asia-Europe plate and African tectonic plate movement occurring extrusion), Himalayas (Asia-Europe plate and the Indian tectonic plate collision extrusion) chapter IV weather and climate first section variable weather 1. weather and climate of weather and climate concept a short time of rain and wind, weather, hot and cold, and other atmospheric conditions a to years of weather conditions features short time average; often change at the same time different local weather differences can be significant long; changes describes content and whatever, probability of precipitation, wind, wind, air temperature, precipitation, air pressure, wind Note: precipitation probability represents the probability of precipitation. Precipitation probability is 100% positive "rain"; precipitation probability is 0, which indicates that certain "no rain". The temperature is hot and cold air. Wind direction is the wind "to the North, South, West, East," four basic directions. Wind direction "North", explains the wind from the North. The strength of the wind is wind, divided into 13-level (0-12), the stronger the wind progression. Judgment of words: the night of the storm, how much do you know about flowers; Eastern veiled rain, road no fine is fine (weather) cold winter and hot summer Yueyang, seasons, and long winter without storm summer (climate)Showers, flying sand away the stone, sunny, rainy seasons (weather), a rain-free summers became autumn (weather) room April exhausted, Mountain Temple peach started blooming (climate) spring return late, Wuyuan February weeping willows to hanging wire (climate) 2. satellite imagery: green indicates land; blue ocean; white clouds, a cloud of white color is expressed more thick clouds, clouds and thick places usually rainy area 3. familiar with the city weather forecast map weather symbols commonly used (see figure 3.6 P46) sometimes a city name will appear next to the two weather symbols, indicating that the weather will be in a certain weather conditions turn into another weather conditions 4. air quality, and air pollutants contained in the number of relevant, you can use the API. Fresh air pollution index is small, and on human health and beneficial; foul air, API, harmful to human health. (See P48 figure 3.9 air quality levels and pollution, air quality status of the correspondence between) air quality level on the one hand, affected by natural factors, on the other hand is affected by human activities section II temperature and air temperature distribution measurement of 1. temperature is placed in a bin for thermograph blinds. Thermometer placement height, ground 1.5 m. Unit: ° c (degrees Celsius). January average temperature is generally take 8, 14, 20, 2 four times when temperatures average 2. changes in temperature: (see P51 figure 3.12, 3.13, do activities entitled 1.2) ⑴ daily change means a cycle of temperature change. Temperatures, poor = (the day) maximum temperatures-(the day) minimum temperatures during the day and maximum temperatures in the afternoon of 2 points, minimum temperatures appear before and after the Sunrise (Northern and southern hemispheres) annual variation means ⑵ an annual cycle of temperature change. Temperatures, poor = the highest monthly average temperature-minimum monthly average temperature of the northern hemisphere temperatures during the year, the continent most high on July, 1-minimum; 8-month maximum on the ocean, 2 month minimum (southern hemisphere contrary: a year in the southern hemisphere temperatures, continent, maximum, minimum in July; Ocean 2 month, August minimum) 3. air temperature distribution: (see P53 figure 3.17) ⑴ world temperatures from-latitude to progressively reduce the high latitudes (latitudinal) compared with the latitude ⑵, summer land temperature higher than the ocean, in winter instead (with weft different land and sea) compared with the latitude ⑶, the higher the temperature, the lower the altitude-0.6 ° c/100 m (the same latitude with Lu) ⑷ World minimum temperature distribution in the Antarctic, the maximum temperature in the West of Basra 4. temperature equal points connected to line the isotherm. In the same article the various points on the isotherm temperature equal 5. isotherm is a closed shape, if the temperature is low, which means that the Center is the Center for low temperature, in turn, is the temperature Center 6. isotherm judgement: the ⑴ isotherm, large temperature difference between the temperature of diluted; isotherms, and small ⑵ isotherm, parallel latitude temperature effects largely latitude ⑶ isotherms and parallel to the coastline, the effect of air temperature by land and sea described significant ⑷ isotherm is closed curve, the temperature in the high and low for the basin, lowland; whereas for plateau, mountains ⑸ isotherm numerical increase to the North, to the South in the southern hemisphere is increased to the northern hemisphere ⑹ isotherm to high latitudes where the temperature is raised above the description with the high-latitude; to the temperature low latitude raised higher than the same latitudes low (if it is summer, isotherm raised to high latitudes, for land to the sea at low latitude raised; if it is winter, isotherm raised to the low latitude for the land, to high latitudes raised at latitude oceans) 7. both thermal difference = two relative height/100 × 0.6 ¡æ section III rainfall and rainfall distribution 1. from the atmosphere landing rain, snow, hail, etc., collectively referred to as precipitation. Rainfall is the main form of precipitation. 2. precipitation measurement: measurement of the basic instrument is a gauge, unit: mm (millimeters), 8 and 20 day all measurement, the measurement results of and for the daily precipitation. (Note: the average temperature for four days at all times, on average, daily precipitation take two moments and) 3. usually the monthly precipitation histogram to represent a local precipitation for one year of seasonal variation equal precipitation diagram to represent the world distribution of precipitation 4. World distribution of precipitation: Equatorial regions and rainy, bipolar drier; South near the Tropic of cancer, continent West drier, East Coast and rainy; coastal mid-latitude belt, rainy; inland little rain rainy mountain upwind slope, the Leeward slopes and little rain section IV world climate 1. climate is a place for many years the average of the weather conditions. A local climate has certain characteristics, and generally not changed significantly. 2.气候的两大因素：气温和降水3.掌握世界主要的气候类型及分布和气候特征（见P58图3.23）世界主要气候类型分布模式图（以北半球为例）大陆西岸内陆大陆东岸极地冰原气候（全年少雨）极地苔原气候（全年少雨）亚寒带针叶林气候（全年少雨）温带海洋（常年湿润）温带大陆性气候`温带季风（夏季多雨区） >地中海气候（冬季多雨区（全年少雨区）亚热带季风（夏季多雨区）热带沙漠气候（全年少雨区）热带季风气候（夏季多雨区）热带草原（夏季多雨区）热带雨林（全年多雨）4.影响气候的因素⑴纬度：纬度高气温低、纬度低气温高；低纬降水多、高纬降水少⑵海陆：距海近多雨、距海远少雨；距海近温差小、距海远，温差大⑶地形：海拔高气温低，海拔低气温高（ 海拔每升高100米，气温就下降0.6摄氏度）；迎风坡多雨，背风坡少雨⑷洋流：暖流增温增湿。 Cold temperature minus wet ⑸ human activity: reforestation, reservoir is less favourable drought; carbon dioxide emissions increase in the snow and ice melt, forming the greenhouse effect, the temperature rise caused flooding and climate influence human daily life and productive activities (where the impact on the agricultural production of the most significant) 5. pass the temperature precipitation map judgment climatology steps ① according to factors change conclusions determine maximum southern hemispheres (or minimum) temperature month 6, 7, 8 3 months the temperature of the northern hemisphere highest 12, 1, 2, 3-month temperature maximum temperature in the southern hemisphere ② judgement belongs with the average temperature of the coldest month most cold temperature > 15 ° c tropical climate most cold temperature at 0-15 ¡æ subtropical temperate climate, maritime climate most cold temperature at-15-0 ° c between temperate climate warmest month < 5 ° c cold climate ③ identify specific climate type precipitation during the year the distribution of decades of tropical rainforest climate rain > 2000mm temperate temperate maritime climate 700-1000mm summer rain-tropical Savannah climate 750-1000mm tropical monsoon climate 1500-2000mm subtropical sub-tropical monsoon climate > 1000mm temperate temperate continental climate in the temperate zone monsoon climate < 300mm 600mm 500- Sun-Eastern Mediterranean subtropical climate 300-1000mm drier-tropical tropical desert climate < 200mm frigid tundra climate, ice climate < 250mm residents and settlement first section population and ethnic 1. world population growth patterns: 18th century ago slow after rapidly, especially since the beginning of the 20th century growth significantly faster 2. population growth rate by birth rate (births within one year from the total number of ratios) and mortality (deaths a year, the total number of ratios). From a global perspective, with the health care industry, each year the number of new-born baby has significantly more than the number of deaths, population is growing. 3. natural growth rate = birth-death rate (> 0 population growth; population growth = 0 is not reduced; < 0 population reduction, negative growth) General developed economies slow population growth, economic backwardness of the national population growth speed birth rate = number/birth total number of mortality rate = the number of deaths/ total number of 4. 12 October 1999, the total world population, now the world's six billion annual increase in the population of nearly 80 million 5. population density refers to the average per square kilometre area population numbers. Units: people/sq. km to pick a country or region's population density = total population/6. East and South Asia (main reason: natural conditions, agricultural development earlier, history, population density), Eastern Europe and North America (mainly due to: industrial development earlier, economically developed and densely populated), and other low lying coastal plains in the region is densely populated areas (figure P66) 7. sparsely populated district: arid desert, too moist rain forest region, high latitudes, the terrain is high plateau mountain 8. population: overpopulation cause resource destruction, pollution, traffic jam, there will be difficulties, hunger, poverty, poor living conditions; population too little leading defense manpower shortage, labour force reduction of population ageing issues 9. population strategy of controlling population (population too many countries, family planning overpopulated countries less encourage), improve the quality of the population, population growth and the development of social, economic, and environmentalAnd resources aligned 10. rural population to urban migration: rural people will be less difficult life; the city has good medical care, education, more development opportunities, etc. Excessive population to urban migration, resulting in a crowded urban disease: housing, traffic jams, junk noise pollution, etc. 11. According to the characteristics of the human body, human beings can be divided into white, yellow and black three main ethnic origin. Early man living in one place, environmental impact, the body has gradually adapted to the characteristics of the environment, largely from high to low-latitude, people of colour and eye gradually darker. 12. ethnic distribution (see P72 figure 4.11) ethnic distribution in areas including population characteristics white Europe North America Oceania Arabs white skin blue eyes hair yellow Asia Eastern Inuit and Indians yellow skin dark eyes and black hair, black sub-Saharan Africa black skin black eyes black and the volume of hair section II world of language and religion 1. distribution of the world's major languages (see P75 figure 4.13) the world's major languages (United Nations working languages) are mainly distributed in Chinese (used in the largest number of language), English, Chinese, South-East Asia (with the widest range of languages), Western Europe, North America, Asia and the Southern French France Russia Russian former colonial Spanish Spain, Latin America, Africa, Asia and Western Arabic Northern 2. three major religions (see Atlas of P30) religious origin believes in God and the guru classic Christian religious building distribution (largest) Palestinian God and Jesus Bible Church, cross Europe, the Americas, Oceania Islam (the second largest) Arabian Peninsula Allah (God) and Mohammad Qur'an mosque, the stars and the moon-shaped marks the Western and South-Eastern Asia, Africa, Northern and Eastern Buddhism (third largest) South Asia (India) Shakyamuni Zang stupa, temples Asia Eastern and South-Eastern 3. in China, most people are not religious, ethnic, Uygur, Hui, and beliefs of Islam, Tibetan, Mongolian many beliefs of Lamaism (Buddhist school). China's native to Taoism section III human residence — village 1. settlement refers to the people of the central place of residence, but also for labor and social activities. Divided into villages and cities in two forms. In General, rural settlements, have an urban settlement. The residents of urban settlements, mainly in industry, services, etc. Rural settlement with rural areas, forestry, animal husbandry and fishing village, the village, Timberland different types, where the inhabitants are engaged in farming, grazing, fishing, logging and other agricultural production activities 2. most of the early settlement of choice in the terrain, climate, natural resources, and other conditions. Currently, in some River lower reaches of the plain area, industrial and agricultural production more developed, comparative intensive settlement distribution; in the mountains, desert areas, little or no settlement in the settlement of the formation and development of the main factors are: terrain, climate, water, soil, natural resources, transport and economic status, etc. (P80) 3. in the world in different countries and regions, the settlement of the building exterior, building materials, etc. is environment-specific. Such as: Southeast Asian elevated housing, Inuit igloo, loess plateau of the cave, Xishuangbanna Dai village bamboo floor, West Asia small form thick walls of the village, etc. 4. traditional settlement is the historical period of interaction between human activities and natural environment, the results of their records from different sides of the socio-economic, political, cultural, folk and other information. However, as the settlement development, traditional dwellings gradually disappeared, how do we handle the development and protection of settlement? as Beijing Siheyuan of transformation: the courtyard is consistent with the requirements of modern living without damage to the original style of reasonable modification. 5. world heritage can be divided into cultural heritage and natural heritage and of natural and cultural heritage of the three categories. At present, the inclusion in the World Heritage list on the cultural heritage of the more than 300. Traditional settlement is an important part of cultural heritage, France's "Paris Seine", Italy Venice city, China's ancient city of Pingyao, Shanxi province, Yunnan Lijiang has been included in the list in Chapter 5 development and cooperation (1) there are more than 200 countries and regions, in addition to the Antarctic continent other than 2. borders is a country and its neighbours or the boundary between the high seas. It is the boundaries of national sovereignty. National boundaries are artificial division, pursuant to the mountains, rivers, oceans, knit the dividing line, on the basis of nationality, language, religion, etc. For example: United States, Canada to lakes, France, Spain to mountains, Egypt, Sudan to knit the bounded P873. borders within territorial land, territorial waters and airspace, territorial P88 can collectively in the continent borders adjacent find out across two continents. Such as Egypt, across the Asian-African Turkey across Asia and Europe, Russia, across Asia, Europe and South America, Panama across United States across North America and Oceania (United States of Hawaii Islands belong to Oceanian) 4. the world's land area is the largest country in Russia (1707 square kilometers, and the smallest is the Vatican (the first six bits followed by Russia, Canada, China, United States, Brazil, Australia (P86 understanding six countries contour) 5. the world's most populous country is China. The world's population over 1 million of the country: China, India, Indonesia, United States (North America), Brazil (South America), Pakistan, Russia (Europe), Bangladesh, Japan, Nigeria (Africa) (the other six countries in Asia) 6. world political system is not the same, there are mainly two kinds of capitalism and socialism. China is a socialist country 7. around the world in status are equal. China has always maintained that "mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference, peaceful coexistence, equality and mutual benefit" of the five principles to get the world's common progress and development 8. some also do not have access to independent colonies and dependent territories, are called "regions". Currently, there are over 30 regions such as North America, Europe, Greenland, Denmark 9. on the basis of territorial economic level differences usually include the world's countries are divided into both developed and developing countries. Currently, there are more than 20 countries, mainlyCloth in Europe, North America, Oceania, including the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan in Asia. There are more than 150 developing countries, mainly in Asia, Africa and Latin America (United States of America to the South, including the entire part of South America and North America). At present, China is developing long-term 10. most developing countries affected by the aggression of imperialism and colonialism and exploitation, high resource plunder, causing economic development lags behind. Since the 1960s, some developing countries seize the opportunities of the global economy, the implementation of the rapid economic development, the narrowing the gap with the developed countries, such as Singapore, Korea, Brazil. In some areas, some developing countries even more than in some developed countries such as India's software, the Chinese aerospace industry, nuclear industry 11. developed many distribution in the northern hemisphere, most countries in the southern hemisphere are developing countries. Internationally, the habit to between developing and developed countries to discuss political, economic, known as the "North-South dialogue", the mutual assistance and cooperation among developing countries referred to as the "South-South cooperation" 12 international cooperation: developed countries in the developing countries to purchase raw materials, sell products; developing countries from the developed countries introduce funds, equipment, technologies, it is difficult to purchase its own production of products, Exchange is mutual cooperation between the world of important international organizations: the organization name or abbreviation, the headquarters of the nature (understand) the World Trade Organization WTO WTO Switzerland Geneva economic organizations of the International Olympic Committee IOC IOC Switzerland in Lausanne Sports Organization in the European Union in Brussels, Belgium in the European Union EU politics, the economy of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO's Brussels Belgium NATO military organization of the petroleum exporting countries of Vienna Austria OPEC OPEC Petroleum Association of South-East of Jakarta Indonesia ASAN ASEAN economic OAS OEA United States in Washington, d.c., the African Union in Addis Ababa Ethiopia au AU of the League of Arab States in Cairo Egypt LAS Las 13. at present, the world's largest international organization is the United Nations. The United Nations was formally established in 1945, the headquarters in New York, United States, its basic purpose is "to promote national development, and maintenance of world peace". The United Nations has six main organs, namely the United Nations General Assembly, Security Council, the economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the Secretariat and the International Court of justice. In the United Nations Security Council in maintaining international peace and security of the main institutions, China, France, Russia, United Kingdom and United States 5 permanent members and 10 non-permanent composition